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Stem cell laws and policy in the United States
(詳細はStem cellsを参照)
Stem cells are cells found in all multi-cellular organisms. They were isolated in mice in 1981, and in humans in 1998.〔John Ydstie and Joe Palca, "Embryonic Stem Cells Made Without Embryos," ''NPR'', November 21, 2007, found at (NPR website story of 11-21-09 ). Retrieved April 8, 2009.〕 In humans there are many types of stem cells, each with varying levels of potency. Potency is a measure of a cell's differentiation potential, or the number of other cell types that can be made from that stem cell. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. These stem cells can differentiate into all other cells in the human body and are the subject of much scientific research. However, since they must be derived from early human embryos their production and use in research has been a hotly debated topic as the embryo most likely is destroyed in the process.
Stem cell treatments are a type of cell therapy that introduce new cells into adult bodies for possible treatment of cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders and other medical conditions. Stem cells have been used to repair tissue damaged by disease or age.〔Joe Neel and Joanne Silberner"Stem Cells Used In Woman's Windpipe Transplant," ''All Things Considered'', November 18, 2009, found at (NPR story of 11-18-2008 ). Retrieved April 8, 2009.〕 Cloning also might be done with stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells can also be derived from Somatic cell nuclear transfer which is a laboratory technique where a clone embryo is created from a donor nucleus. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is also tightly regulated amongst various countries.
Until recently, the principal source of human embryonic stem cells has been donated embryos from fertility clinics. In January 2007, researchers at Wake Forest University reported that "stem cells drawn from amniotic fluid donated by pregnant women hold much of the same promise as embryonic stem cells."〔
In 2000, the NIH, under the administration of President Bill Clinton, issued "guidelines that allow federal funding of embryonic stem-cell research."〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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